African colonies that were close to the equator, suffered due to very tropical weather. The warm weather caused less fertile soils, producing less agriculture and also, attracting parasitic insects hat carry diseases.
In the Nile Valley, south of Egypt, the Nubian civilizations of Menroë are ruled both by men and women. This civilization was well organized and offered a wide variety of skilled civilians such as,weavers, potters, Masons,farmers and servants. Because the Nile valley relied on rain-based agriculture, farmers were less dependent on irrigation. The decline of the kingdom was caused by deforestation because they used all the wood for charcoal in order to smelt iron.
Over a span of 1300 years, Arab immigration, and the rise of Islam took over Christian covilozation, shifting Nubia into the world of Islam.
During a dry spell, the Niger River attracted a large amount of people due to its mass body of water. This created clusters of civilizations to live along the Niger River, allowiing growth of cities. The clusters of cities weren't governed by one bigger government. Each city had its own political structures. The most prestige occupation during this time was iron smithing. Their ability to turn earth to metal and create so much of it was considered a key to their power and immense danger.
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